After 40 years of the introduction of the BCG immunotherapy, it continues to remain as the gold standard of the treatment of Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, BCG intravesical therapy fails to yield responses in more than 50% of the NMIBC patients. After a shocking failure of BCG, cystectomy is performed in patients with high-risk disease. But, by the time cystectomy comes into the picture, most of the patients are unfit because of the age, and others are unwilling. No doubt, the existing therapies, especially BCG therapy, proffers relief; however, despite the promising results of BCG therapy, achieving long-term disease-free and progression-free su...
