Oncology

Immune checkpoints are defined as the stimulatory or co-stimulatory molecules involved in the immune system. There are two kinds of checkpoint proteins found on T cells such as PD-1/PD-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLA-4). The PD1/PD-L1 pathway is an adaptive immune resistance mechanism exerted by tumor cells in response to endogenous anti-tumor activity. PD-1, a protein present in humans encoded by the PDCD1 gene, binds to two ligands- PD-L1 and PD-L2 to prevent the activation of T-cells by regulating the immune system. PD-L1 is a protein present in human encoded by CD274 gene that reduces the proliferation of CD8+ T cells at the lymph nodes by binding to PD-1 or B...