The progress of mRNA-based therapeutics involves several key stages, including mRNA design, synthesis, entrapment, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, in vivo and in vitro safety evaluation, manufacturing, and clinical trials. Among these stages, mRNA design and synthesis play pivotal roles in developing mRNA-based medicines. The application of mRNA for therapeutic purposes holds significant promise in addressing a diverse range of incurable diseases. Recent advancements in biotechnology and molecular medicine have empowered the generation of virtually any functional protein or peptide within the human body through the introduction of mRNA as a vaccine or therapeutic ...
